"Learning another language is not only learning different words for the same things, but learning another way to think about things."

Flora Lewis

Vowel and consonant oppositions

Vowel oppositions 

/i:/ - /ɪ/                      /ɪ/  - /e/               /e/ - /æ/               /æ/ - /ʌ/       

sheep – ship            bin – Ben           pen – pan         cap – cup

leak – lick                tin – ten            men – man        hat – hut   

cheek – chick          pig – peg           send – sand       track – truck

 

peel – pill                 bill – bell            gem – jam         ban – bun  

bean – bin               chick - cheque   bread – Brad       ankle – uncle

 

/æ/ - /ɑ:/                    /æ/ - /ɒ/                 /ɒ/ - /ɔ:/           /ɒ/ - /ʊ/         

cap – carp                 hat – hot                cod – cord           pot – put

hat – heart                cat – cot                shot – short         cod – could

cat – cart                  fax – fox                 pot – port           lock – look

ban – barn                 sack – sock             fox – forks          rock – rook

pack – park                tap – top               spot – sport         box – books

 

/ʊ/ - /u:/                    /ɔ:/ - /ɜ:/                 /e/ - /ɜ:/              /ʌ/ -  /ɜ:/                    

look – Luke              four – fur                ten – turn          fun – fern    

pull – pool                torn – turn              Ben – burn        bun – burn

full – fool                 warm – worm           bed – bird         bud – bird

could – cooed          walker – worker        west – worst     gull – girl

would – wooed         walk – work             fest – first

 

/e/ - /eɪ/                    /ɑ:/ - /aɪ/                   /ɔ:/ - /ɔɪ/             /ɑ:/ - /aʊ/                           

pen – pain               bar – buy                  all – oil                car – cow   

shed – shade           bark – bike                ball – boil            bar – bow

edge – age              Pa – pie                   corn – coin          bra – brow 

wet –wait                R – eye                   tore – toy            grass – grouse

test – taste              cart – kite               roar – Roy             arch – ouch

pepper – paper         heart – height

 

/ɜ:/ - /əʊ/                   /ɔ:/ - /əʊ/                /i:/ -  /ɪə/              /ɪə/ - /eə/                        

burn – bone             caught – coat           E – ear                ear – air     

fern – phone            naught – note           bee – beer         beer– bear

Bert – boat              bought – boat           tea – tear           pier – pear

work – woke            jaw – Joe                 pea – pier            hear – hair

flirt – float                ball – bowl                bead – beard        tear – tears

 

Consonant Oppositions 

/p/ - /b/                      /t/ - /d/                  /k/ - /g/                  /s/ - /z/                    

pin – bin                   too – do               coat – goat             Sue - Zoo

pen – Ben                sent – send           curl – girl                 sip – zip

pear – bear              cart – card             class – glass             bus – buzz

cap – cab                 write – ride            back – bag              piece – peace

pup – pub                train – drain           crow – grow            price – prize

 

/s/ - /ʃ/                     /ʃ/ - /tʃ/                   /tʃ/  - /ʒ/                /p/ - /f/                       

C – she                    ship – chip             cheap – jeep          pin – fin

Sue –shoe                sheep – cheep       choke – joke         peel – feel

ass – ash                  sherry – cherry       riches – ridges       pork – fork

sew – show             shop – chop           larch – large          pull – full

puss – push             cash – catch           H – age                snip – sniff

 

/h/ - /f/                     /f/ - /v/                     /b/ - /v/                /v/ - /w/

hold – fold                safe – save              bet – vet               V – we

heat – feet               fine – vine              best – vest            vest – west

hill – fill                     fail – veil                 ban –van               vet – wet

heel – feel                few – view              bolt – volt             vine – wine

honey – funny          fast – vast               boat – vote           veil – whale 

hole – foal                ferry – very             berry – very      

 

/dʒ/ - /j/                   /    / - /h/                  /s/ - /θ/                    /f/ - /θ/

joke – yolk              ill – hill                      mouse – mouth       first – thirst

juice – use             eel – heel                  sum – thumb          fin – thin

jam – yam              and – hand                sink – think            half – hearth

Jess – yes              old – hold                  pass – path

jeers – years           ear – hear                 sick – thick

 

/t/ - /θ/                     /z/ - /ð/                     /m/ - /n/                   /n/ - /ŋ/

tree – three            close – cloth               mile – Nile               win – wink

tanks – thanks         breeze – breathe        mine – nine             thin – think

sheet – sheeth        boos – booth             mummy – money     ban – bang

                              size – scythe             comb – cone           ran – rang

                                                            name – mane           run – rung

                                                                                         Ron – wrong 

 

/s/ - /f/                      /ŋk/ - /ŋ/                 /n/ - /l/                     /l/ - /r/ 

singer – finger          wink – wing          no – low                long – wrong

sunny – funny          sink – sing            night – light            light – right

sun – fun                rink – ring             nine – line              load – road

                             stink – sting          Jenny – jelly           jelly – Jerry

                            bank – bang          snap – slap             fly – fry

                                                                                   glass – grass 

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